{"id":419,"date":"2026-05-26T13:30:36","date_gmt":"2026-05-26T13:30:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/californiamovingreport.com\/index.php\/2026\/05\/26\/california-judges-are-testing-a-new-ai-clerk-and-you-wont-know-if-its-looking-at-your-case\/"},"modified":"2026-05-26T13:30:36","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T13:30:36","slug":"california-judges-are-testing-a-new-ai-clerk-and-you-wont-know-if-its-looking-at-your-case","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/californiamovingreport.com\/index.php\/2026\/05\/26\/california-judges-are-testing-a-new-ai-clerk-and-you-wont-know-if-its-looking-at-your-case\/","title":{"rendered":"California judges are testing a new AI clerk, and you won\u2019t know if it\u2019s looking at your case"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>Two of California\u2019s largest courts are testing an AI tool that can draft orders and produce research memos.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/californiamovingreport.com\/index.php\/2026\/05\/26\/get-up-to-speed-fast-on-the-california-election-with-our-guide-for-the-undecided\/\">Get up to speed fast on the California election with our guide for the undecided<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Judges so far are using it primarily for civil cases, but documents obtained by CalMatters indicate the possibility of expanded applications in criminal cases, where people\u2019s freedom and access to justice are on the line.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The Los Angeles County Superior Court began a pilot program in February to test a tool created by the company Learned Hand. Other courts may follow, according to Learned Hand founder and chief executive officer Shlomo Klapper.<\/p>\n<p>Learned Hand uses a combination of language models from Anthropic, OpenAI and Google to act as an AI clerk for judges. The company says it tests for bias and accuracy, but it has not yet published results.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In Riverside County, which has a $10,000 agreement with the company to test the program, civil and probate attorneys are primarily using the tool to draft research memos that help judges reach their decisions. It\u2019s typical for research attorneys to assist judges as they review cases.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Los Angeles County Superior Court has a roughly $314,000 contract that includes a roadmap to test the tool\u2019s use in criminal, family and probate divisions. Officials would not describe in detail to CalMatters the criteria they\u2019re using to evaluate whether use of the tool can safely expand to criminal and family courts, where the stakes are often much higher than in civil cases.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>One judge who spoke to CalMatters on condition of anonymity due to judicial rules of conduct was alarmed when their colleagues at a recent luncheon said the technology could be used one day to evaluate appeals from people who believe their conviction or sentence was tainted by racial bias. California courts are handling a wave of those claims after lawmakers passed the Racial Justice Act in 2020.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think it is outrageous,\u201d said the Los Angeles County Superior Court judge. \u201cAI cannot and never will be able to replace human judgment in evaluating complex social dynamics. Ultimately, that will erode the public\u2019s confidence in the competence and fairness of the judiciary.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A majority of California\u2019s superior courts now have generative AI use policies, according to documents obtained by CalMatters via public records requests, which they were required to create by the state Judicial Council before using the technology. Roughly a dozen of the 51 courts that have responded to CalMatters\u2019 requests said they are using AI-powered tools from LexisNexis, Thomson Reuters, and Microsoft\u2019s Copilot.<\/p>\n<p>Use of AI in courts has been controversial because of the propensity of AI models to cite falsehoods and to produce sycophantic text. Models from major companies like Google and Anthropic can reduce critical thinking and brain activity, according to a 2025 MIT study.<\/p>\n<p>Language model hallucinations have already made it into the judicial system. Researcher Damien Charlotin has documented hundreds of instances of litigants, lawyers, and judges making mistakes when using AI to do their jobs including nearly 90 cases in state or federal courts based in California since August 2024.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Last fall, a Los Angeles-based lawyer received a historic $10,000 fine for citing cases that don\u2019t exist, and earlier this month the <em>Sacramento Bee<\/em> reported that use of AI led to errors in four cases handled by prosecutors in Nevada County. Most of these cases involve lawyers or people who are representing themselves in court, but UCLA Law School professors predict that more judges will make AI-fueled mistakes in the future. In recent months, the U.S. Senate investigated federal judges in Mississippi and New Jersey for drafting decisions with generative AI that had serious factual errors.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Klapper, who previously worked as a clerk for a federal appeals court and for surveillance technology company Palantir, said the judiciary needs AI in order to reduce backlogs and increase efficiency.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCould we hire more people?\u201d he told CalMatters. \u201cMaybe, but it\u2019s not going to keep pace with the exponential increase that\u2019s coming, nor is it going to be able to adequately solve the crisis of today. I think the only solution is to give every single judge and staff attorney their own AI clerk.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Klapper said he\u2019s aiming to combine the best parts of what human judges can do with the best parts of what machines bring to bear.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m not saying all machines aren\u2019t biased,\u201d he said. \u201cI\u2019m not saying my machine isn\u2019t even biased. I\u2019m saying we can test it and people have tested it. And that is the benefit over humans.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Generative AI use policies for the Los Angeles and Riverside County superior courts only require disclosure if a motion, decision, or other document is written entirely with generative AI.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Both courts refused to say whether plaintiffs are aware that the tool is being tested on their cases. In a statement to CalMatters, a spokesperson for the Los Angeles County Superior Court said testing is done on motions that have already been decided, separate from live case environments. However, the contract allows for testing on live cases.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt is important to note that even with successful evaluation and thorough testing, the Court remains several months, if not years, away from implementing this type of tool,\u201d said the spokesperson.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The contract allows the tool to be used for two critical motions in the criminal division: A motion to suppress, which is designed to determine what type of evidence the prosecution is allowed to present at trial, and motions for post conviction relief, which are filed by people who have already been convicted and want another shot at freedom.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s the \u201cgreatest concern\u201d for Los Angeles County District Attorney Nathan Hochman. When he reviewed the contract, he referred to the motions as \u201ctwo incredibly important motions in the criminal justice system.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen you\u2019re dealing with someone\u2019s liberty \u2014 as opposed to in the civil setting, which is everything other than liberty \u2014 the stakes couldn\u2019t be higher,\u201d said Hochman. \u201cI don\u2019t want to take the chance, particularly in a criminal case, that AI happens to get it wrong. And now someone\u2019s constitutional rights have been infringed. Someone has gone to prison who shouldn\u2019t have, or on the flip side, that somehow someone gets off.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>\u2018An extremely perilous road\u2019<\/h2>\n<p>In Los Angeles, some judges first heard about the new Learned Hand contract during a March presentation by Superior Court Judges Yvette Verastegui and Olivia Rosales. They lead the criminal branch and visit courthouses throughout the county as part of an annual roadshow, where they update judges on court operations, discuss workload and field questions. During a luncheon, Verastegui and Rosales said the tool could be used to assist with Racial Justice Act petitions in the future.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/californiamovingreport.com\/index.php\/2026\/05\/25\/lawmakers-stripped-the-board-of-equalization-of-power-now-theyre-fighting-to-join-it\/\">Lawmakers stripped the Board of Equalization of power. Now they\u2019re fighting to join it<\/a><\/p>\n<p>California\u2019s Racial Justice Act allows people to challenge a criminal conviction or sentence that they believe was based upon racial bias. Petitions are filed directly to the court from people in state prison. If a case is found to have merit, the process includes appointing legal counsel, filing briefs and setting evidentiary hearings before a judge would decide whether to grant the petition.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>That process could look different with a tool like Learned Hand. Verastegui and Rosales explained that, following an incarcerated person\u2019s petition, the tool could generate tentative decisions for judges to consider in denying or advancing cases to the next stages, according to one judge who attended the luncheon.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe concern, of course, that I have is that the courts will utilize that as a reference point and then get stuck to that initial analysis,\u201d said the judge. \u201cIt\u2019s an extremely perilous road to go down. Putting aside the inaccuracy, which will be a significant concern, it dehumanizes the whole process. It does not treat people as individuals with lived experiences. It essentially reimposes a one-size-fits-all style of justice.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A second Los Angeles Superior Court judge who spoke with CalMatters on the condition of anonymity remembered the presentation and said they would not trust nor use the tool to summarize a Racial Justice Act petition.<\/p>\n<p>AI can replicate or intensify patterns contained in the data used to make a model, including human biases. Large language models have a history of demonstrating race and gender bias, an analysis of predictive policing tech used by LAPD found racial bias, and an analysis of the risk assessment algorithm COMPAS found that it is more likely to label Black people as at risk of committing crimes after incarceration than white people with a similar record.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Public defenders who spoke with CalMatters echoed those concerns.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Elizabeth Lashley-Haynes, a deputy public defender at the Los Angeles County Public Defender\u2019s Office, said it would be \u201chighly problematic and bordering on unethical\u201d for a judge to use the tool to review Racial Justice Act petitions, which she described as \u201cincredibly nuanced.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThey\u2019re like nothing else in the legal system that has ever really been done,\u201d said Lashley-Haynes, who specializes in Racial Justice Act cases. \u201cWords that are used in these cases that have racial undertones or racial meanings are way beyond the realm of anything that artificial intelligence could do.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In interviews with CalMatters, Klapper and Los Angeles County Superior Court Executive Officer, David Slayton, denied that the court has any plans to use the tool for Racial Justice Act petitions. A spokesperson for the Los Angeles Superior Court later confirmed in an email to CalMatters that the contract permits the tool to be used in such a way \u201cbut that possibility has not commenced in any way.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Klapper said if they were to build out a Racial Justice Act module, the tool would need to be evaluated for bias and co-developed with the court.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe timing very fortuitous, right?\u201d he said. \u201cIt\u2019s a very fraught decision, I\u2019m not going to lie\u2026extremely high stakes \u2014 a scenario where I understand people might be very concerned. Especially with criminal, I have even more hesitancy, even more guardrails than normal about, because there are liberty interests at stake.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Extending beyond civil cases<\/h2>\n<p>In Los Angeles, six superior court judges and their research attorneys are primarily using the Learned Hand tool to conduct research, summarize motions and assist in drafting tentative rulings, according to Slayton. He says the tool won\u2019t move beyond the civil division \u201cuntil the court leadership is comfortable.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe court is being very deliberate and careful about how we use technology like this,\u201d he said. \u201cSo until we evaluate it and determine that it is effective in those areas, we will not extend it to other areas.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The tool will be evaluated on a quarterly basis to determine its future application, Slayton said, but he did not specify what kind of evaluation that entails. In an email to CalMatters, a spokesperson later said that Learned Hand is evaluated \u201cagainst the same substantive expectations applied to law clerks and research attorneys: accurate legal research, sound analysis, neutral and judge-ready writing, and reliable work product that supports judicial decision-making.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Samantha Jessner, who chairs the Judicial Technology Advisory Committee, said she was unaware of the possibility that the tool could eventually be used outside of the civil division until recently. Judges are not privy to contract negotiations due to certain ethical limitations, she said.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think we have a duty and obligation to explore whether or not there is a place for artificial intelligence in what we do as a judicial branch and that\u2019s exactly what this pilot is intended to afford us the opportunity to do,\u201d said Jessner.<\/p>\n<p>Riverside County Superior Court signed an agreement with Learned Hand in February. In emails obtained by CalMatters, Klapper proposed to two Riverside County Superior Court executives, Jason Galkin and Sarah Hodgson, that the court use the tool for a common civil court motion and \u201cthen expand quickly once we earn our stripes.\u201d He suggested that Hodgson assemble a list of motions and workflows \u201cthat generate the most pain,\u201d citing examples that included the Racial Justice Act.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Roughly two weeks later, Hodgson described the most laborious motions \u201cthat want to drive us into retirement,\u201d including discovery motions and attorney fee motions. For criminal cases, the court suggested that Klapper focus on \u201cthings with the largest paper records,\u201d citing death penalty habeas petitions and parole revocation.<\/p>\n<p>Since the pilot started, seven civil and probate attorneys have been granted access to the tool. Galkin, the chief executive officer of the Riverside County Superior Court, said they are \u201ckicking the tires on the product\u201d to see what tasks it can do. The tool is not being used to draft tentative rulings, he said.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe don\u2019t even know if expansion is likely so there is no set criteria for what expansion might look like or thresholds for that because right now, the core question is: Does this help staff and does it advance what they\u2019re trying to do in their roles?\u201d said Galkin.<\/p>\n<p>As testing is underway, attorneys like Hochman say that use of AI is inevitable, but would be better suited for low-level, repetitive and routine tasks.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s the analysis of the case itself, coupled with the conclusions that will be reached, that I\u2019m very hesitant to trust AI at this point \u2014 in large part, because I don\u2019t know all of the inputs that AI is using to make its decision. The only thing I\u2019m 100% sure of is that AI didn\u2019t go to law school,\u201d said Hochman.<\/p>\n<p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/californiamovingreport.com\/index.php\/2026\/05\/22\/its-easier-for-californians-to-escape-data-brokers-following-a-calmatters-investigation\/\">It\u2019s easier for Californians to escape data brokers following a CalMatters investigation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Cayla Mihalovich is a California Local News fellow.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- .entry-content --><br \/>\n<!-- .entry-footer --><br \/>\n<!-- .author-bio --><br \/>\n<!-- .author-bio --><br \/>\n<\/article>\n<p><!-- #post-${ID} -->\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Courts in Los Angeles and Riverside counties are testing an artificial intelligence tool and deciding whether it can be used in high-stakes criminal cases.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":418,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[9,127,63,96],"class_list":["post-419","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-california-supreme-court","tag-los-angeles","tag-riverside-county"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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